Locational Marginal Emission Rates: Where, When and What

The advent of greater concern for climate change and specifically CO 2 emissions has led to a number of studies and methodologies attempting to quantify the environmental impact of individual actions and policies of the electric power sector. The result has been a myriad of papers focused on average emissions; discussions of “Green Products” and “Green Companies.” In 2010–2012 [1,2,3] , Pablo Ruiz and Alex Rudkevich developed the theory and implementable calculation of Locational Marginal Emission Rates (LMER), which provided the first physically-based, mathematically rigorous methodology appl