Examines the EU’s Critical Entities Resilience (CER) Directive and its implications for submarine cable operators, which member states must designate by July 17, 2026, with compliance required by May 17, 2027. Cable operators may fall under scope regardless of headquarters location if they operate infrastructure within EU territory, and the directive’s 24-hour detection-and-reporting requirements necessitate monitoring beyond AIS-only systems using satellite imagery and radio frequency detection to identify vessels operating with disabled positioning.