Many popular ONNX models exceed the 2 GB protobuf format limit and store their weights in separate external data files. Until recently, these models could not be used directly in Vespa’s built-in embedders. This was a long requested feature on our tracker (see GitHub issue #28761 ). The 2 GB limitation ONNX uses Google’s Protocol Buffers as its serialization format. Protobuf has a hard limit of 2