From siloed DataOps, MLOps, and LLMOps to a unified data‑intelligence platform

Introduction In modern data‑driven businesses, the pace of innovation in analytics and artificial intelligence has outstripped the capacity of many teams. Three distinct disciplines emerged to handle this expansion: Data platform (DataOps) teams built data lakes on cloud storage such as Amazon S3, processed them with Apache Spark and Hive on EMR, ingested streaming data with Spark Structured Streaming or Apache Flink, and loaded tabular copies into MPP warehouses like Redshift for interactive SQL and BI. Cataloguing and governance were offloaded to external tools such as DataHub, and fine‑grained access controls required third‑party services like Privacera.