What comes after FHIR? A look at Conversational Interoperability (COIN) as healthcare’s next step

Healthcare has invested heavily in structured interoperability standards. HL7 FHIR, SMART on FHIR, and related implementation guides have matured technically and gained regulatory endorsement (HL7 International, n.d.; ONC, 2020). However, adoption data shows there are still challenges. Fourteen years after FHIR was introduced, 79% of countries have national implementation guides, but only 20% repo