Tech to Replace Animal Testing Is Almost Ready. Scientists Are Not

Seventeen years ago, cell biologist Donald Ingber and his colleagues at Harvard University’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering submitted a paper to the journal Science describing their model human lung. It was smaller than a USB stick and made of a clear polymer slab containing narrow channels, which were lined with the type of cells that line a lung’s air sacs and blood vessels. When air was pumped through hollow chambers beside the channels, the device rhythmically expanded and contracted—it “breathed.” This lifelike movement was a dramatic change from previous generations