For too long, enterprises with legacy mainframe estates have been faced with a high-stakes dilemma: continue maintaining their mainframes, essentially kicking the modernization can down the road (fully aware that delayed action only compounds future technical debt), or perform “big bang” modernization with more unknowns and risks. At Google Cloud, we propose an alternative: a modernization strategy that leverages the power of AI, agility of the cloud and allows for iterative and continuous modernization. This approach recognizes a fundamental truth: mainframe modernization isn’t a pure code-to