We are currently living in an exciting era for AI, where machine learning systems and infrastructures are crucial for training and deploying efficient AI models. The modern machine learning systems landscape comes rich with diverse components, including popular ML frameworks and array libraries like JAX, PyTorch, and CuPy. It also includes specialized libraries such as FlashAttention, FlashInfer and cuDNN. Furthermore, there’s a growing trend of ML compilers and domain-specific languages (DSLs) operating at both graph and kernel levels, encompassing tools like Torch Inductor, OpenAI Triton, TileLang, Mojo, cuteDSL, Helion, Hidet and more. Finally, we are starting to see intriguing developments of coding agents that can generate kernels and integrate them into ML systems.